International sharp review | Japan’s sewage disposal plan has aroused public anger, but why are some western countries so "assured"?

  On July 10th, it was nearly a week since the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) released the assessment report on Fukushima nuclear polluted water discharged into the sea. During this period, the international community such as Pacific island countries, the Philippines, Indonesia, South Africa, Peru, China, South Korea and so on have voiced endless opposition to Japan’s plan to discharge pollutants into the sea. In contrast, the performance of the United States and western countries is intriguing.

  After the IAEA released the assessment report, the State Council issued a statement saying "welcome", and western politicians remained basically silent about the controversial Japanese plan to expel the sea. Commentators of "International Sharp Review" found some problems after reading reports from mainstream western media:

  For example, some western media have reported the wording of Japan and IAEA in a large space, using the phrase "nuclear treated water" instead of "nuclear polluted water", but citing the opposition of the international community is pitiful. In an article by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), almost all the words of Japan and IAEA were quoted. In the video inserted in the article, the reporter also gave a "performance" of eating fish, saying that the fish salvaged near Fukushima was "very safe" and there was nothing to worry about.

  For another example, some media seem to be "objective and neutral" and cite many voices, but they have been avoiding key questions, including what are the hazards of the sea discharge plan to the environment? How independent and representative are the samples obtained by IAEA? Is Japan’s assessment of the sea-discharging scheme adequate? As for the fraudulent history of the Tokyo Electric Power Company involved, the western media almost never mentioned it.

  A number of studies have shown that Fukushima nuclear polluted water contains more than 60 kinds of radionuclides. Japan itself admitted that about 70% of the nuclear polluted water treated by ALPS technology did not meet the discharge standards. According to the research of the German Marine Scientific Research Institute, because the Fukushima coast has the strongest ocean current in the world, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within 57 days after discharge. For 30 years or more, these radionuclides are continuously discharged into the sea, which will not only damage the marine ecological environment, but also endanger human life and health. Marcos Orellana, a United Nations expert on toxic substances and human rights, recently pointed out that Japan’s sewage disposal plan poses great risks to human rights.

  In this case, why are some western countries so "reassured" about Japan’s nuclear polluted water? The reason is related to their own "black history" and strategic selfishness. It is not surprising that they will have this reaction.

  Take the United States. According to the Los Angeles Times, the United States conducted 67 nuclear tests in the Marshall Islands in the 1940s and 1950s. Especially on March 1, 1954, the U.S. military detonated one of the most powerful nuclear weapons to date, the "Cheer Castle" hydrogen bomb, with destructive power equivalent to 1000 atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, which brought profound disasters to the local people. In addition, not far from Wan Li, the United States dumped more than 130 tons of nuclear contaminated soil from the Nevada nuclear test site directly into the Marshall Islands. Today, the United States has played down the crimes committed, and the implementation of compensation has been greatly discounted, which has aroused global public outrage. It is not difficult to understand why the United States has been conniving at Japan’s plan to discharge pollutants into the sea, because it itself is one of the "initiators" of marine nuclear pollution.

  In addition, the United States also regards nuclear safety as a bargaining chip for the exchange of interests. Some studies have pointed out that after the end of World War II, the nuclear has a special significance in the Japan-US alliance: on the one hand, it is the starting point for the United States to subdue and win over Japan; On the other hand, it is an important tool for Japan to attach itself to and rely on the United States. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was the first project that Japan used American civilian nuclear technology in the 1960s.

  After the Fukushima nuclear accident broke out in 2011, Japan and the United States reached a cooperation agreement on jointly handling nuclear accidents and post-disaster reconstruction. Both sides regard this nuclear accident as an "opportunity" and take the opportunity to steadily advance the alliance — — With the help of American power, Japan gained support in the international public opinion field for sewage discharge into the sea, while the United States took the opportunity to maintain its military hegemony in Japan, increased the means to control Japan, and achieved the so-called "win-win". They don’t care what other countries have to pay for Japan’s sewage plan.

  All along, the United States claims to safeguard the "human rights" of all people, but in reality it pursues hegemony instead of human rights, and cares not about the people but political self-interest. On such a major event as nuclear pollution and water discharging into the sea, the performance of some western countries, such as the United States, can’t help but make people ask: How hypocritical and double-marked is it to focus only on developing countries and selectively turn a blind eye to the human rights misdeeds of allies?

  The Pacific Ocean is the common home of mankind, and it is not a nuclear test site for some countries and a bargaining chip in geopolitical games. The Japanese government should listen to the just voices of all parties, immediately stop the plan of discharging nuclear polluted water into the sea, and don’t add new debts without paying back old debts. Those western countries that remain silent should not be accomplices in this plan.

  (International Critical Commentator)

All secret room reasoning is challenging this writer!

In the eyes of most mystery fans, these four words can perfectly sum up the reasons why they like mystery novels: mysterious atmosphere, romantic theme, rigorous conclusion, and courage to innovate.
Almost all reasoning writers also have the dream of writing secret room tricks. Even if it is not feasible in many cases, once a secret room trick that has not been written by predecessors comes into their minds, they will be eager to write it. And already full of elements and rich structure of mystery novels, many mystery writers always want to add even a fairly qualified secret room trick in it, as if in this way, this "book of mystery novels" written by themselves is complete and justified.
It can be said that secret room reasoning is the jewel in the field of mystery novels, which has a unique charm and can temporarily give way to writing skills, characters’ emotions and the feasibility of tricks. In the history of reasoning for nearly two hundred years, a large number of excellent works and writers of secret room reasoning have been born, but in the final analysis, all these works and writers can’t be separated from a man named john dickson carr.
In other words, all the chamber tricks are either deliberately imitating Carl or trying to surpass Carl. The latter is rare, but if you can do it, it is a classic.
Today, let’s talk about john dickson carr, the king of the Chamber of Secrets, and see how he wrote to perfection with the weapon of the Chamber of Secrets, and became the "Three Giants of the Golden Age" on par with agatha christie and ellery queen.
The golden age of long reasoning
Before Carl officially appeared, let’s learn about his period.
We often say that there was a "golden age" in the history of reasoning, that is, in the twenties and thirties of the twentieth century, when the development of mystery novels was the fastest, detectives were everywhere, and masterpieces were everywhere, and this period should be called "the golden age of European and American reasoning" more accurately.
Before 1920, mystery novels had developed into the golden age of short stories. Father Brown of chesterton and Van Dusen, the "thinking machine" of Jacques Futrelle, were both classic detective images in the short period, and the most representative detective among them was of course Sherlock Holmes written by Conan Doyle. The golden age of short stories gave birth to a large number of mystery lovers, and also influenced many mystery writers who are about to make great achievements in the future.
After the market boom, the "one story, one trick" mode of short mystery novels can hardly meet the needs of most readers. Their aesthetics are improving and their requirements are changing, so long mystery arises at the historic moment. In 1920, agatha christie published his first novel, mysterious affair at styles, which opened the door to the age of long reasoning. In the following years, Agatha and a group of pioneers of long-form reasoning consolidated their position of long-form reasoning at an average rate of publishing several books every year. Agatha herself also made a lot of attempts to change her style during this period. For example, mysterious affair at styles was a classic work that completely abandoned the "adventure element", while the works such as The Man in Brown and seven dials mystery returned to the popular spy war adventure field. During this period, in addition to long-form reasoning, she also created a number of works.
Of course, the charm and rules of long mystery novels were quickly established in this process. In 1928, Fan Dayin, an equally prestigious mystery writer, published The Murder of the Greens and was writing The Murder of the Bishop, which will be the most representative works of his whole career. Therefore, Fan Dayin was confident at this time and published 20 rules that should be followed in writing long mystery novels, namely "20 Rules for Detective Novels".
Poster of The Grimm Murder (1929).
Now we look back at these 20 rules, each of which has been broken, but we can’t deny its value. At that time, this approach of emphasizing rules was very compatible with the unique gameplay of mystery novels, just as now we often popularize science. This book is a "social school" and this book is a "benjamin school". In fact, a good book should not have so-called writing rules regardless of genre, but for a literary type whose public awareness is not enough.
Therefore, since 1920, with the unremitting efforts of some writers, mystery novels have been formally established as a brand-new literary type. If 1920 was the year to knock on the door of the golden age, then ten years later, in 1930, the golden age of mystery novels came completely. Almost half of the classic European and American classical reasoning works we can see at present were born in the short period of 20 years from 1930 to 1950.
The first is the substantial increase in the number of works. At that time, there was a magazine in the United States called Book Review Digest, which was similar to our Beijing News Book Review Weekly, and published some critical articles on books and culture. Someone made an interesting statistic on the number of crime novels in Book Review Digest, and found that in 1914, there were no more than 12 review articles on detective novels. By 1925, in the early golden age, the number had increased to 97. In 1937, at the height of the golden age, this number became 217.
Of course, this figure does not represent the actual number of mystery novels published, but if we divide the golden age into "before the golden age", "at the beginning of the golden age" and "in the golden age", it is obvious that both the number of mystery novels published and the degree of public discussion are increasing several times.
After 1930, the quantity and quality of mystery novels exploded, and a great deal of credit was attributed to three people. Among them, agatha christie had reached the peak of creation and created another classic detective image, Miss Ma Puer. In addition, two new writers made their debut, one was Quinn, the king of logic, and the other was John Dixon Carr, the king of the Chamber of Secrets.
Detective Poirot in mysterious affair at styles (1990).
One who explains miracles.
In 1906, john dickson carr was born in Pennsylvania, the United States, and his father was a Q member of the House of Representatives. Influenced by his father, Carl was very interested in social cases and legal trials when he was a child, and he showed his enthusiasm for writing very early. At the age of 11, Carl was able to write reports on court trials independently.
These basic knowledge, which he has been exposed and practiced since childhood, will also be applied to the creation of mystery novels. For example, the catalogue of Burning Court is divided into five chapters: accusation, evidence, debate, summary and conclusion, which closely combines the court trial with the main plot of mystery novels. In Window of Judah, Carl directly sets the stage for detectives to make final reasoning and reveal criminals to the court. This book is Carl’s best.
Carl entered Harvey Buddhist College in 1925, and the following year, he published his own novels and poems in the school magazine. After graduation, Carl left the United States and went to the University of Paris for further study, but during his study abroad, he still serialized his novels in Haverford magazine.
John Dickson Carr (November 30, 1906—February 27, 1977) is an American mystery novelist. Karl is an important writer in the golden age of mystery novels, and he is also called "the Big Three in the Golden Age" with agatha christie and Ellery Quinn.
In 1930, one of the most important years in the history of reasoning, Karl revised his novel serialized in a university magazine and published it officially. This novel, named Night Walk, marked the official arrival of the King of the Chamber of Secrets and the golden age.
As Carl’s debut work, Nocturnal Journey is not the best of all his works, but it still caused a sensation at that time, and it was printed seven times within two months. With his unique personal style, Carl has already made a blockbuster in the reasoning literary world. In this book, Karl explained his own creative style through the mouth of the protagonist detective Becklin:
"The murderer didn’t hide … no secret door, you can stand in any door and check whether it is completely isolated from the adjacent room. When you lift the floor or ceiling, you will only see the floor or ceiling of the adjacent room … In short, there is no secret passage, and the murderer is not hiding anywhere in the room. He can’t go out from the window, nor can he go out from the living room door … But the murderer killed someone there. In this case, we know best that the deceased didn’t commit suicide. "
This is Carl’s style from the beginning of his debut: the mystery of the secret room. A mystery like a miracle, and the only one who can explain this miracle is Carl himself.
The cover of Night Travel in English.
In addition to the secret room tricks, Carl’s writing style is also impressive. His writing style was a very popular "Gothic style" in the field of thriller novels at that time.
Ellen Poe, the originator of mystery novels, is also a master of Gothic horror novels, but compared with Poe’s theory of "unified effect", Carl is more like "using" Goth. Because the core mystery of the novel is the seemingly unsolvable secret room, in order to create this incredible atmosphere, Carl adopted the most matching and popular style.
Carl’s Gothic style is mainly reflected in image expression and environmental description. Imagery, witches, cemeteries, coffins, legends … these are all elements that can be seen everywhere in Karl’s works, and they can always match the mystery of the secret room to write the most appropriate images. Before the mystery is revealed, readers will always be dominated by unknown horror. As for the description of the environment, Carl sets the stage of the story in the middle of nowhere and on a dark night. He is an American himself, but in order to better create this gothic style, his stories always take place in Britain. This is why many people mistakenly think that Carl is an English writer.
However, in 1932, Carl fell in love with an English woman and settled in England after marriage. Since then, he has become a "British reasoning writer". The biggest difference between British and American mystery writers at that time was that British writers tended to be more romantic in mystery and inherited the original purport of mystery novels, while American writers gradually tended to be more modern in style such as crime and coldness.
In 1936, Carl joined the British detective club, and he was one of only two overseas members of the club.
Lecture notes in the secret room
Carl really became one of the most important writers in the field of reasoning literature in 1933. In that year, he published his new work "The Witch Corner", which not only upgraded the previously determined Gothic style and miraculous secret room tricks, but also introduced a brand-new detective image-Dr. Phil.
Dr Phil is a chubby scholar who smokes a sepiolite pipe and has an exaggerated robber beard. His prototype is easily reminiscent of Karl’s ancestor chesterton.
Chesterton, as one of the most prestigious writers in the short period, has contributed countless novel tricks in the series of Father Brown. Compared with other writers, chesterton’s style of emphasizing tricks and atmosphere rendering is obviously more to Carl’s taste.
A year later, Carl published "The Murder in Plague Village" under the pseudonym of Carter Dixon, and once again introduced a brand-new detective role: Henry Melville, a lawyer and doctor, whose multi-elite status shows his erudition. The wonderful court reasoning in "Window of Judah" is tailor-made for the lawyer’s identity.
Although Melville is no less clever than Dr. Phil, and he is also the protagonist of many famous books, there is a crucial reason why Carl’s most representative detective is still Dr. Phil: Carl gave his most important "lecture notes in the Chamber of Secrets" to Dr. Phil for publication.
In 1935, Three Coffins, one of the most important works in the history of reasoning, was published. In chapter 17 of this book, Karl published a classic "lecture notes on the secret room" by Dr. Phil, which summarized the principles of almost all secret room tricks and classified them in detail. This chapter is carried out separately, and it is also a single trick type integration and research that will never be out of date.
It is such a handout that includes all the ideas that Carl can think of in the secret room, which is about the same as raising the creative difficulty of secret room reasoning directly to the extreme difficulty. Of course, as the creator of secret room reasoning, Carl himself is the first to be affected. However, Carl not only gives novel answers beautifully in the content after Three Coffins, but also always gives high-quality answers in later works. This kind of blood and talent, which makes it difficult for oneself and peers, but can always solve it perfectly, is, in my opinion, an important cornerstone for Carl as a fan of mystery novels and a writer in the history of mystery.
Three Coffins, by john dickson carr, translated by Xin Kejia, Xinxing Publishing House, March 2019.
"Three Coffins" directly promoted Carl to the status of a master. Later, many secret room lovers paid tribute to and discussed his "secret room lecture notes" in their works. Until today, the discussion on this text nearly a hundred years ago is still going on. For example, clayton rawson, as Karl’s contemporary master of tricks, himself had a reasoning competition with Karl, and left famous articles for the limited theme of tape secret room. In Lawson’s works, he quoted "lecture notes of secret room" and made his own supplements. In the last column, "Edogawa Rampo’s Trick Integration", the lecture notes were further studied.
In addition, Reito Nikaido’s House of Evil Spirits, My grandson Wuwan’s Murder of Eight, The Magic Mirror with Habitat in Sichuan, Shoichiro Dashan’s Collectors in the Chamber of Secrets, Shichen’s Obsidian Museum Incident, Imamura’s Chang Hong’s Mystery of the Dead Man’s Village, and Highland Barley’s Killing of the Bell Tower, and so on, all paid tribute to Carl’s works in different degrees.
Oh, by the way, in the movie Detective Chinatown 3, Qin Feng, the hero, also elaborated a "lecture notes in the Chamber of Secrets". Above all, it is a direct tribute to the lecture notes in the secret room, and there are countless works such as generating new inspiration and writing other types of lectures according to the lecture notes in the secret room.
Carl himself has been challenging the secret room problem. In 1980, there was a poll of "Top Ten Secret Room Reasoning". The voters were composed of reasoning writers, editors, critics and readers. In this list, Carl occupied four places. Three Coffins, the first place, won twice as many votes as the second place, and the other three books, The Twisted Hub, The Window of Judah and The Peacock Feather Murder, are also important masterpieces of secret room reasoning in the history of reasoning.
Carl’s career has been challenging the same mystery-the Chamber of Secrets, but he has drilled deep enough and thought wide enough to turn a mystery that was originally an exclusive mystery in mystery novels into a complex and far-reaching type. Just as Karl absorbed the tricks of Ellen Poe’s Goth and chesterton, and combined them to open up a long golden age, many writers now are also inheriting Karl’s creative ideas, and this case will not wither, and the tricks will always be fresh.
Detective Chinatown 3 stills.
The golden age ended.
Agatha said of Carl: "Few detective stories can confuse me now, but Carl can always."
The reason why the detective queen from the same "scheming" can give such a high evaluation is because Carl almost determined the kingly position of the "secret room" in mystery novels by himself, and because of their competition and mutual support, the golden age of Europe and America is so shining.
However, there will be a curtain call in any era. After 1950, the creation of the "Big Three" gradually declined, and Agatha still maintained a good writing speed, but as she got older, it was difficult to return to the level of amazing masterpieces every year in the 1930s. Quinn, the "king of logic", has also entered the later stage of his career. The series of country names and tragedies on which they became famous have long since ended. Under the wave of Hollywood movies, the Quinn brothers began to change their styles and write more popular novels. Carl, on the other hand, had physical problems in 1951, and he struggled with the disease until 1954, when he fully recovered.
Window of Judas, by john dickson carr, translated by Cai Miao, Xinxing Publishing House, June 2019.
However, the decline of this case reasoning is hard to recover, not only because these reasoning writers have left their peak period, but more importantly, the world has just experienced the Second World War, and the original rationality and order have been broken. World War II is a watershed in the development of mystery novels. The quiet manor, crimes against individuals, the behavior of racking one’s brains for a detail, the criminal motives of love and property … all these have been broken, replaced by more complicated and realistic problems, the fate of a whole country, the living conditions of a large group of people, and the violence that is inconsistent with a word. The golden age of the traditional case ended, and the American cold hards and Japanese social schools began to rise, and the mystery novel has been completely changed.
Later in his career, Carl never wrote a more gorgeous secret room. In 1962, Carl won the MWA Lifetime Master Award, which is the highest honor in the field of crime novels in Europe and America.
Now, many people are still remembering and looking back at the golden age, but I think that each period is a period created by all kinds of good times and good places. For example, the next 30 years will be the golden age of social groups, and the next 30 years will be the golden age of the new case. Every era can’t be copied, and masters and masterpieces in their respective fields are born. It is this constant iterative update that makes the vitality of mystery novels continue.
Therefore, what we have to do is not only to remember, but also to cherish this "golden age" that we are now in. As for Carl, he has completed his mission and left an indelible mark in the history of reasoning.
After all, no matter what era, as long as it is written in secret room reasoning, it will be compared with Carl by readers.
Author/Lu Yehua
Editor/Miyako Li Yongbo Qingqingzi
Proofreading/Wang Xin
Reporting/feedback

Hubei: Practicing "Three Strictnesses and Three Realities" and Building an "Iron Army" for Poverty Alleviation to Overcome Difficulties

  Xinhua News Agency reporters Pi Shuchu and Li Wei

  Accurate poverty alleviation, no one is left behind. Hubei promises to take the lead in building a well-off society in the central region in an all-round way, and by 2019, all the 5.9 million poverty-stricken people in the province will be lifted out of poverty. Since the beginning of this year, the reporter has gone deep into 10 poverty-stricken counties in Hubei and found that all localities have focused on solving the three core problems of "who to help", "who to help" and "how to help" in precision poverty alleviation. According to the requirements of "three strictness and three realities", the main position of poverty alleviation has been regarded as a learning and education testing ground for "two studies and one work" and an "iron army" has been built to help the poor.

  Cadres "sink" and the real situation "floats up"

  "After four months, 256 audit cadres were dispatched to carry out accurate identification audits, and 527,800 non-poor people with doubtful identities were eliminated. In time, 175,900 people who returned to poverty due to floods this summer were included in the filing card." Liu Changyi, deputy director of the Hubei Provincial Poverty Alleviation Office, told the reporter that Hubei strictly abides by the "accurate" and "real" bottom line, nails the "first button", improves the dynamic management mechanism, and ensures that "drip irrigation" reaches households to people.

  In April this year, Tengchong Village, Fangfan Town, Dawu County, appeared the phenomenon that "the village announced poverty alleviation, and there were poor households after investigation", which caused widespread concern in society for a while. Today, Hubei emphasizes the strict criteria for listing poor villages and "looks back" on the work of filing and establishing cards.

  In Zhaofengtai Village, Yesanguan Town, Badong County, Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, at the villagers’ "yard meeting" hosted by town and village cadres, cadres talked about policies, and the masses acted as "referees", which was regarded as "accurate accounts" recognized by the people. Let cadres go among ordinary people and settle accounts under the eyes of the masses. This is the accurate poverty alleviation experience explored by Badong County.

  "Look at the house, look at the grain, look at whether the labor force is strong or not, look at whether there is a book reader, look at what industry is busy, and look at some possessions." In Fangxian County, Shiyan City, the "indigenous method" of knowing the true poverty summarized by local poverty alleviation cadres made Mao Jianquan, who came from Beijing to participate in poverty alleviation, feel very practical. Mao Jianquan said that the method of "six views" to know the real poverty has grasped the main factors that reflect poverty. As long as party member cadres "sink", the real situation will "float".

  "There are three people in the family, and their right foot is disabled and lacks labor. Because of disability, they are poor. The land in the family is 4 or 5 mu, and I hope the land will be transferred. Children at home go to college, the tuition fee is high, and the financial burden of family education is heavy … …” Open the "poverty file" of Yin Youyong, a poor household in Xinwu Village, Wangying Town, Yangxin County, and it is clear at a glance about his family situation and causes of poverty. Wang Xunhe, the village party secretary, told the reporter that this provided a first-hand decision-making basis for accurate assistance and facilitated "the right medicine".

  In order to get through the "drip irrigation" channel of accurate poverty alleviation, Hubei has comprehensively established a full coverage mechanism for poverty alleviation teams in poor villages. Each team member guarantees no more than four poor households, and it is absolutely not allowed to discount the pairing guarantee work.

  "It is better for cadres to peel off their skins than for the masses to really get rich."

  "I really didn’t expect my rice to sell at such a high price, and someone will keep buying it in the future!" In the farmhouse of poor household Zhang Shouguo, he said happily that his own rice was ordered. "Thanks to Director Zhou, there is no sorrow in building this house, and I will dare to think about it in the future!"

  It turned out that Zhou Yujuan, a poverty alleviation cadre in Baocun, danjiangkou city, helped his family to replace improved rice varieties and sold them at high prices. Nowadays, poverty alleviation cadres in Hubei are playing the role of "information officers", inspiring poor households to get rid of poverty.

  During the interview, the reporter found that grassroots cadres and the masses have confidence in getting rid of poverty through personal struggle after finding the right industry, but they are most worried about the factors of returning to poverty due to illness and unequal educational opportunities. Finding the right pain point is the focus of poverty alleviation. In practice, Hubei has explored powerful measures such as precision education and precision treatment to help the poor.

  Yu Ming, secretary of the Party branch of Datun Village, Xuanhuadian Town, Dawu County, told the reporter that 50 poor households were identified through accurate identification. After re-classification of poor households, 13 poor students from 11 households were given precise poverty alleviation grants at the beginning of this year. Wang Zuhe, a poor household, has two children who are studying in junior high school and primary school respectively. According to the standard of accurate poverty alleviation and schooling assistance formulated by Dawu County, each person can enjoy subsidies of 5,200 yuan and 4,400 yuan each year, which solves the most general poverty problem in the family.

  Some remote rural areas are far away from health centers, and villagers receive subsidies but can’t buy medicine or get money to buy medicine. Wang Gonggao, director of the Zigui County Poverty Alleviation Office, said that Zigui explored the direct drug supply system and changed the money to direct regular drug delivery to achieve accurate treatment.

  "It is better for cadres to peel off their skins and for the masses to really get rich." During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, 3.53 million rural poverty-stricken people in Hubei Province were lifted out of poverty, and more than 20,000 poverty alleviation teams and nearly 100,000 party member cadres ran in the fields. Accurate poverty alleviation became the main battlefield to test the style of cadres.

  "It is normal for cadres to report logs every day in Yunxi!" He Changsen, deputy director of the Organization Department of Yunxi County Committee, said that the local communication technology of "GPS++mobile phone+network" has formed an operation mode of "daily reporting, two-level management and three major mechanisms", and a "supervision network" for the daily work of poverty alleviation cadres has been closely woven.

  Compacting responsibility and reshaping assessment orientation, cadres’ poverty alleviation is not "one-vote veto"

  During the interview, the reporter found that all parts of Hubei Province have compacted the main responsibility and given "uncapping" time. In order to prevent the phenomenon of "digital poverty alleviation", Hubei has defined precise management, broadened the supervision space in all directions, and strengthened discipline and accountability.

  Since the beginning of this year, in Yunyang District of Shiyan City, Yangxin County of Huangshi City, Tongshan County of Xianning City and other places, a group of poverty alleviation cadres have been "recalled" for accountability because of the slow progress of poverty alleviation work in poor villages.

  As Hong ‘an County, an old revolutionary base in Dabie Mountain, the local government regards the evaluation of poverty alleviation as an important basis for the promotion and use of cadres, the annual assessment and the evaluation of the first, and establishes reward and punishment standards for county and township cadres respectively, rewards those who complete ahead of schedule within the target responsibility, and resolutely implements interview accountability for unfinished tasks within the time node.

  "The key to getting rich is not getting rich, but cadres". The person in charge of the Organization Department of Hubei Provincial Party Committee said that the task of tackling poverty depends on the work of Qi Xin, the broad masses of cadres and people in party member in poverty-stricken areas, forming a joint force to tackle poverty.

  This year, Hubei took the lead in interviewing nine county party secretaries who were lagging behind in poverty reduction. In order to make good use of the "baton" of assessment and supervision, Hubei has also issued a special policy to conduct annual evaluation and assessment of party committees, government leading bodies and major leaders in 37 poverty-stricken counties in the province. The achievements in poverty alleviation are directly linked to the appointment and dismissal of cadres.

The epidemic situation in the mainland of China has further improved, and four kinds of Omicron mutant branches have been found in Chongqing.

  China news agency, Beijing, October 14th Comprehensive news: On the 13th, there were 1,259 new cases (diagnosed+asymptomatic) in China mainland, which decreased for three consecutive days, and the scope of infection was reduced, with the number of provinces involved dropping from 29 in the previous two days to 26.

  The increasing number of local infections in China mainland has dropped for three consecutive years, and the epidemic situation has further improved.

  National Health Commission, China, reported on the 14th that there were 313 newly confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China on the 13th, including 64 imported cases and 249 local cases. There were 1143 new asymptomatic infections, including 133 imported cases and 1010 local cases. There were no new deaths.

  As of 24: 00 on the 13th, there are 4,456 confirmed cases in China, with 5,226 cumulative deaths and 255,168 cumulative confirmed cases reported. There are 632 confirmed cases imported from abroad, with a total of 24,882 confirmed cases and no deaths.

  According to the official data, the number of new local infections in China has dropped sharply for three consecutive days, from 2,089 cases on the 10th to 1,259 cases on the 13th, and the scope of infection has been reduced, involving 26 provinces from 29 in the previous two days, and the epidemic situation is further improving.

  On 13th, 249 new cases were confirmed in mainland China, coming from 17 provinces. The top five are: 56 cases in Inner Mongolia, 53 cases in Guangdong, 28 cases in Xinjiang, 19 cases in Liaoning and 16 cases in Beijing; On that day, there were 1010 new cases of asymptomatic local infections from 25 provinces. The top five are: 302 cases in Xinjiang, 181 cases in Inner Mongolia, 53 cases in Shanxi, 51 cases in Heilongjiang and 50 cases in Yunnan.

  There are more than 5,000 local infected people in Inner Mongolia, and many infected people in Guangzhou were found in community screening.

  On the 13th in Inner Mongolia, 56 new cases were diagnosed locally and 181 cases were asymptomatic, and the number of local infections decreased for three consecutive days. On the same day, there were 35 newly diagnosed cases and 89 asymptomatic infected cases in Hohhot. As of 24: 00 on the 13th, there were 5041 cases of local infection in Inner Mongolia (974 cases were diagnosed and 4067 cases were asymptomatic), including 4351 cases in Hohhot.

  The epidemic in Hohhot started on September 28th, and the virus belongs to the evolutionary branch of Omicron BF.7 mutant. According to Hohhot, on October 14th, the city adjusted the epidemic risk level in some areas again. At present, there are 456 high-risk areas and 168 medium-risk areas in this city.

  On the 13th, 53 new cases were confirmed in Guangdong province and 21 cases were asymptomatic, mainly from Guangzhou (25+3) and Shenzhen (21+11). As of 24: 00 on the 13th, there are 440 confirmed cases and 203 asymptomatic cases in Guangdong province.

  According to the report, in addition to the 12 cases transferred from asymptomatic people to confirmed cases, among the 16 new cases of local infection in Guangzhou on the 13th, 4 cases were isolated control personnel, 10 cases were found in community normalized nucleic acid screening, and 2 cases were found in the investigation of medical personnel, suggesting that the epidemic situation has a greater risk of social transmission. On the 13th, there were 32 new cases of local infection in Shenzhen, all of which were found among people in centralized isolation and home isolation, and there was no social increase.

  There are still social infections in Beijing and Shanghai, and more than 100 cases of local infections have been added in Beijing in the past two months.

  Beijing reported on the 14th that there were 21 new cases of local infection in the city on the 13th, including 3 social screening personnel; From 0: 00 to 15: 00 on the 14th, Beijing reported another 6 cases of local infection, among which 2 cases were still found through social screening. Since September 29, Beijing has reported a total of 112 cases of local infection, involving 11 districts, mainly imported cases and their related cases.

  Beijing officials said that the city will further strengthen the prevention and control of social epidemics, especially in key units and industries such as construction sites, supermarkets, entertainment and fitness institutions, and catering institutions. It is necessary to establish staff ledgers and strengthen epidemic prevention measures such as nucleic acid testing and health monitoring; It is necessary to do a good job in environmental epidemic prevention management and strengthen the cleaning and disinfection of key places and public goods; Key personnel such as security, express delivery, logistics, catering, cleaning, property management, etc. should carry out nucleic acid detection according to the prescribed frequency, do a good job in personal protection, and strictly implement various epidemic prevention regulations.

  There were 49 new cases of local infection in Shanghai on the 13th, of which 47 cases were found in isolation control and 2 cases were from normalized nucleic acid screening. From July 3rd to October 13th, Shanghai reported a total of 194 confirmed cases and 1028 asymptomatic infected cases.

  According to Shanghai’s notification, on the 14th, there were one newly diagnosed and one asymptomatic infected person in Shanghai, both of whom had recently returned to Shanghai from other provinces, and were found in the normalized nucleic acid detection. Recently, most of the sources of infection in Shanghai epidemic are imported from other provinces, involving multiple transmission chains. At present, the social risks of the epidemic in the city still exist.

  Four Omicron variants were found in Chongqing, and the Suihua epidemic situation in Heilongjiang is still developing.

  The Chongqing Municipal Health and Health Commission said on the 14th that there were 11 newly diagnosed cases and 13 asymptomatic infected cases in the city on the 13th, and 191 newly infected cases in the past week. Among them, 41 cases were people from outside Chongqing who returned to Chongqing and closed-loop control, and the risk of social communication was low. However, the infected people in many epidemics have social activity tracks before being isolated, and the possibility of recurring cases is not ruled out. Among them, the "October 8" epidemic in Yubei (Joy City) has reported 91 cases of infected people (including 37 Joy City staff), involving 11 districts, and the risk of social transmission is high.

  It is reported that Chongqing CDC has sequenced 28 viral genes of infected people since October 8th, and found four branches of Omicron mutant strains: BA.5.2, BF.7, BA.2.75 and ba.2.76.. In recent days, the number of newly infected people in this city has shown a downward trend, mainly from the control population. The rapid rise of the epidemic has been effectively curbed, but the risk of hidden spread of the epidemic still exists.

  On the 13th, there were 11 new confirmed cases and 51 asymptomatic infections in Heilongjiang Province, including 2 confirmed cases and 49 asymptomatic cases in Suihua City. As of 24: 00 on the 13th, there were 73 cases of local infection in Suihua City, 70 of which were in Zhaodong City.

  According to the report, the epidemic situation in Zhaodong City is still developing, but all the positive people detected at present are found at the isolation control point, and the epidemic situation is well controlled. The epidemic in Zhaodong started on October 10th, and three cases of infected people were found in the nucleic acid test of the people who were exposed to the foreign investigation. On the same day, Zhaodong City initiated temporary control measures. At present, Zhaodong City decided to extend the temporary control period until 20: 30 on October 18. (End)

Chinese and foreign artificial intelligence enterprises jointly compile and publish international standards in the field of large-scale model security.

From April 15th to 19th, the 27th United Nations Conference on Science and Technology was held in Geneva, Switzerland. During the conference, the World Institute of Digital Technology (WDTA) issued two international standards, namely, the Safety Test Standard for Generative Artificial Intelligence Applications and the Safety Test Method for Large Language Models. This is the first time that an international organization has issued an international standard in the field of large model security.

Since the popularity of large language model technology last year, the security of large language model has been the focus of international attention. World Institute of Digital Technology (WDTA) is an international non-governmental organization established and registered in Geneva in April 2023. It follows the guiding framework of the United Nations and is committed to promoting digital technology and international cooperation on a global scale. It transcends national boundaries and corporate interests and advocates global unified standards and governance mechanisms.

Professor Peter Major, the founding chairman, said, "Our goal is to set global digital standards, lead technological innovation and strengthen international cooperation." It is worth noting that OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, Meta, Ant Group, Huawei, Iflytek, International Data Space Association (IDSA), Flawn Hough Institute and China Electronics are all members of WDTA.

World Institute of Digital Technology attending the meetingArtificial intelligence safe, credible and responsible working groupTeam leader Huang Jinjin said that as artificial intelligence systems, especially large language models, continue to become an indispensable part of all aspects of society, it is crucial to solve their security challenges with a comprehensive standard. These two standards bring together the wisdom of experts in the field of global AI security, fill the gaps in the field of security testing in large language models and generative AI applications, provide a unified testing framework and clear testing methods for the industry, and help to improve the security of AI systems, promote the responsible development of AI technologies, and enhance public trust.

WDTA takes the lead in "Safety Test Standard for Generative Artificial Intelligence Applications"

It is understood that among the published international standards, WDTA is the lead unit for the Safety Test Standard for Generative Artificial Intelligence Applications.

Huang Jinjin introduced that the "Safety Test Standard for Generative AI Applications" provides a framework for testing and verifying the safety of generative AI applications. The standard covers the key areas of AI application life cycle, including basic model selection, embedding and vector database, prompt execution/reasoning, intelligent behavior, fine-tuning, response processing and runtime security of AI applications. The main goal is to ensure that the behavior of AI applications in the whole life cycle is safe and meets the expected design.

It is understood that the AI STR (Safe, Trusted and Responsible) program is the core initiative of the World Institute of Digital Technology, aiming at ensuring the safety, credibility and responsibility of artificial intelligence systems.

Official website, a reporter of Beijing News Shell Finance, visited the World Institute of Digital Technology and found that its introduction said that the AI STR plan "represents a paradigm shift in how we develop and deploy AI technology. Advocating safety, trust and responsibility in artificial intelligence system has laid the foundation for a more ethical, safer and fairer digital future. Artificial intelligence technology is the promoter of progress, not the source of uncertainty and harm. The production AI application security testing and verification standard is one of the AI STR standards. "

In addition, a framework for the development of generative artificial intelligence talents was released at the same time as the standard. According to the introduction of the World Institute of Digital Technology, generative artificial intelligence applications such as ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion quickly attracted people’s attention and imagination all over the world, thanks to their wide practicability-almost anyone can use them to communicate and create-and more natural man-machine dialogue. Even the latest generative AI applications can perform a series of daily tasks in employees’ work, such as data classification, business report generation and even automatic test code generation. A wide range of stakeholders are trying to cope with the impact of generative artificial intelligence on business and society, and more people need to understand and participate, so as to form a consensus on the scope, how to use, application scenarios and constraints of artificial intelligence, and truly realize that "artificial intelligence is human."

Two standards and a development framework issued by the World Institute of Digital TechnologyThe file picture is from official website, the World Institute of Digital Technology.

China enterprises actively participate in international standards.formulate

The reporter of Shell Finance noticed that there were many face of china during this meeting. For example, in the panel discussion on "Safety of Generative Large Model", experts from Canadian Academy of Engineering, Privacy AI, NVIDIA, Microsoft and Ant Group talked on the same stage.

Chinese and foreign experts participate in the large-scale model safety panel discussion. Photo from official website, World Institute of Digital Technology.

In fact, the two international standards released this time were compiled by many experts and scholars from OpenAI, Ant Group, Iflytek, Google, Microsoft, NVIDIA, Baidu and Tencent.

Among them, Ant Group is the lead unit for the Safety Testing Method of Large Language Model. This standard provides a comprehensive, rigorous and practical structural scheme for the safety evaluation of the large model itself. It puts forward the security risk classification of large language model, the classification and grading method of attacks and the testing method, and takes the lead in giving four classification standards of attack methods with different attack intensities, providing strict evaluation indexes and testing procedures, which can solve the inherent complexity of large language model, comprehensively test its ability to resist hostile attacks, enable developers and organizations to identify and alleviate potential vulnerabilities, and ultimately improve the security and reliability of artificial intelligence systems built using large language models.

As a representative of the standard participating units, Wang Weiqiang, general manager of the machine intelligence department of Ant Group and chief scientist of Ant Safety Laboratory, said, "With the rise of generative artificial intelligence, we believe that it will release huge productivity, but it will also bring various new risks. Be highly vigilant. Large technology companies should play a key role in promoting the safe and responsible development of generative artificial intelligence, use their resources, expertise and influence to promote best practices, and build an ecosystem that gives priority to safety, privacy and moral considerations. For example, by formulating industry standards and guidelines, it provides clear guidance for developers and institutions to develop and deploy generative artificial intelligence systems; Invest in research and development and open tools to ensure the safety of generative artificial intelligence to form industrial co-governance. "

Shell Finance reporter found that at present, mainstream manufacturers at home and abroad are focusing on the safety of large models. For example, OpenAI invested 20% of computing resources in four years and set up a special team to build solutions.Alignment problemSuper AI, Google and other 12 organizations jointly released the "Model Safety Assessment Framework", NVIDIA launched the "guardrail" software to prevent the AI model from getting out of control, while 360 and Chianxin released the safety big model and launched the business for the safety of the big model.

The release of the two international standards provides a unified testing framework for the industry.

"The development of these two standards brings together the wisdom of experts in the global AI security field, filling the gap in the field of security testing in large language models and generative AI applications. They provide clear testing requirements and methods for AI enterprises, help to improve the security of AI systems, reduce potential risks, promote the responsible development of AI technology and enhance public trust. Call on the industry to actively adopt these two standards, work together to improve the security and reliability of AI systems, and participate in the standard formulation of WTDA AI STR, and constantly improve the standards in the process of rapid iteration of AI technology. " Huang Jinlin said.

Reporter contact email: luoyidan@xjbnews.com

Beijing News Shell Financial Reporter Luo Yidan

Editor Ding Shuang

Proofread Wang Xin

Strong institutional advantages of basic people’s livelihood security are fully demonstrated —— Interpretation of main economic data in 2020 by relevant officials of the National Bureau of Statistics

  In 2020, in the face of the sudden COVID-19 epidemic, China’s economy recovered rapidly after the impact at the beginning of the year, and embarked on an exciting rebound curve. Various economic indicators turned from negative to positive, which confirmed the steady progress of China’s economy. At the same time, the indicators of people’s livelihood have also been continuously improved: the number of new jobs in cities and towns in the whole year was significantly higher than the expected target; The urban consumer market continued to improve; The per capita disposable income of residents is basically synchronized with economic growth. In 2020, the per capita income of national residents will double that of 2010.

  Steady recovery of investment and continuous optimization of structure

  Director of Investment Department Zhai Shanqing

  In 2020, the growth rate of fixed assets investment rose steadily, the structure continued to be optimized and the recovery trend continued to be consolidated.

  First, the growth rate of investment continued to rise.

  Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, the national investment in fixed assets dropped by 24.5% from January to February in 2020, and then the decline narrowed month by month, falling by 3.1% in the first half of the year, and the growth rate turned from negative to positive in the first three quarters. The annual investment increased by 2.9% over the previous year, and the growth rate was 0.3 and 2.1 percentage points faster than that from January to November and the first three quarters respectively.

  The growth rate of investment in the four major regions all turned positive. In 2020, the investment in the eastern region will increase by 3.8% over the previous year, the investment in the central region will increase by 0.7%, and the investment in the western and northeastern regions will increase by 4.4% and 4.3% respectively.

  The three industrial investments all achieved positive growth. In 2020, the investment in the primary industry will increase by 19.5%, the investment in the secondary industry will increase by 0.1% and the investment in the tertiary industry will increase by 3.6%.

  Second, investment in the three major areas continued to improve.

  Infrastructure investment grew steadily. In 2020, infrastructure investment will increase by 0.9% over the previous year. Among them, investment in information transmission industry increased by 16.0%, investment in ecological protection and environmental management industry increased by 8.6%, investment in water conservancy management industry increased by 4.5%, and investment in road transportation industry increased by 1.8%.

  The decline in manufacturing investment continued to narrow. In 2020, manufacturing investment decreased by 2.2% compared with the previous year. Investment in raw material manufacturing industry increased by 2.1%, among which investment in ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry increased by 26.5%, and investment in oil, coal and other fuel processing industries increased by 9.4%.

  Investment in real estate development increased rapidly. In 2020, investment in real estate development increased by 7.0% over the previous year. Among them, residential investment increased by 7.6%, the funds in place of real estate development enterprises increased by 8.1%, and the newly started housing area of real estate development enterprises decreased by 1.2%.

  Third, the growth rate of private investment has accelerated.

  In 2020, private investment increased by 1.0% over the previous year. Among them, private investment in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery increased by 13.5%, private investment in real estate development increased by 6.8%, and private investment in infrastructure and manufacturing narrowed by 0.8 and 1.5 percentage points respectively.

  From a regional perspective, private investment in the eastern region increased by 1.2%, private investment in the central region decreased by 2.4%, and private investment in the western and northeastern regions increased by 4.8% and 3.5% respectively.

  Fourth, the investment in high-tech industries has a significant pulling effect.

  In 2020, the investment in high-tech industries increased by 10.6% over the previous year, driving the total investment to increase by 0.8 percentage points. Investment in high-tech manufacturing industry increased by 11.5% and investment in high-tech service industry increased by 9.1%.

  V. Rapid growth of investment in people’s livelihood.

  In 2020, investment in social fields increased by 11.9% over the previous year. Among them, education investment increased by 12.3% and health investment increased by 29.9%.

  With the support of proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy, the investment funds in place in 2020 will increase by 7.8% over the previous year, of which the growth rate of national budget funds is as high as 32.8%, and sufficient funds provide an important guarantee for the gradual recovery of investment. In 2020, the planned total investment of newly started projects will increase by 11.9%, which is 10.8 percentage points faster than the previous year. The rapid growth of the planned total investment of newly started projects will bring good support to the investment growth in 2021.

  Consumption continued to recover, and the retail market picked up.

  Dong Lihua, Director of the Department of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation

  In 2020, the strategy of expanding domestic demand and various policies to promote consumption will be effective, market sales will improve quarter by quarter, and business model innovation and consumption structure upgrading will continue to develop.

  First, the market sales continued to pick up, and the recovery of consumption was gradually consolidated.

  Market sales are improving quarter by quarter. In 2020, the total retail sales of social consumer goods was 39,198.1 billion yuan, down 3.9% from the previous year, and the decline was 3.3 percentage points narrower than that in the previous three quarters. Market sales show a quarterly recovery trend. In the first quarter, the consumer market was obviously hit by the epidemic, and the market sales dropped by 19.0%. In the second quarter, the decline in market sales was obviously narrowed, and the growth rate in the third quarter turned positive for the first time. In the fourth quarter, the total retail sales of consumer goods increased by 4.6% year-on-year.

  The recovery of the consumer market continued. In December 2020, the total retail sales of social consumer goods continued to grow, and the market sales increased positively for five consecutive months.

  Second, the urban and rural markets recovered quarter by quarter, and the rural market recovered better than the urban market.

  The urban consumer market continued to improve. In 2020, the retail sales of urban consumer goods decreased by 4.0% over the previous year. The growth rate of rural consumer goods market is higher than that of cities and towns. In 2020, the retail sales of rural consumer goods decreased by 3.2% over the previous year. Among them, the retail sales of rural consumer goods increased by 5.6% in the fourth quarter.

  Three, the retail scale of goods is close to the level of last year, and the consumption of catering and other services continues to recover.

  Retail sales of goods recovered quickly. In 2020, the retail sales of commodities decreased by 2.3% compared with the previous year, and the decline rate was 2.8 percentage points narrower than that of the previous three quarters, and the retail sales scale of commodities was close to that of the previous year. Judging from the recovery process of commodity retail sales, the monthly scale of commodity retail sales has recovered to the same level as early as July, and the recovery speed is faster than the overall level of the consumer market, and it has been growing positively for six consecutive months.

  Accommodation and catering business improved. In 2020, the catering revenue decreased by 16.6% compared with the previous year, and the decline was 7.3 percentage points narrower than that in the previous three quarters. Among them, the catering revenue in the fourth quarter increased by 0.2% year-on-year, and the scale of the catering market in the quarter returned to the same level of the previous year.

  Fourth, the development of new consumption patterns has accelerated, and the consumption of physical stores has improved significantly.

  Online consumption grew rapidly. Affected by the epidemic, the demand for home consumption has increased significantly, and the "home economy" has accelerated the development of new consumption patterns. In 2020, the national online retail sales increased by 10.9% over the previous year.

  Offline consumption has improved significantly. In 2020, the retail sales of goods in supermarkets above designated size increased by 3.1% over the previous year, and the decline of retail sales of department stores, specialty store and specialty stores narrowed by 6.8, 3.8 and 5.4 percentage points respectively compared with the previous three quarters.

  Five, the retail momentum of upgraded goods is improving, and the automobile sales market is obviously picking up.

  The retail performance of upgraded goods is bright. In 2020, the retail sales of consumption-upgrading commodities such as cultural office supplies, sports and entertainment supplies, cosmetics and communication equipment of units above designated size will increase by 5.8%, 8.4%, 9.5% and 12.9% respectively over the previous year, and the growth rate is significantly higher than the average level of commodity retail.

  The scale of automobile sales is close to the level of last year. In 2020, the retail sales of automobile products above designated size decreased by 1.8% compared with the previous year, and the scale was close to the previous year’s level. Especially since the second half of the year, the retail sales of automobile products have maintained rapid growth for six consecutive months.

  The employment situation improved and the expected goal was achieved.

  Zhang Yi, Director of Population and Employment Statistics Department

  In 2020, under the impact of the epidemic in COVID-19, employment faced enormous pressure that had not been seen for many years. With the implementation of a series of policy measures to reduce burdens, stabilize posts and expand employment, the employment situation gradually stabilized and improved, and the expected employment objectives and tasks were successfully completed.

  First, the national urban survey unemployment rate continued to fall, and the employment situation gradually improved.

  Under the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in early 2020, economic activities were restricted, enterprises stopped production, and the job market was obviously affected. In February, the national urban survey unemployment rate rose to a high of 6.2%. With the continuous promotion of resumption of work, the urban survey unemployment rate dropped to 5.7% in June.

  In the second half of the year, the social production and living order was further restored, and the unemployment rate dropped to 5.4% in September. In the fourth quarter, the employment situation further stabilized and improved. In December, the unemployment rate dropped to 5.2%, which was the same as the same period in 2019.

  Second, the employment pressure of migrant workers has gradually eased, and the overall employment situation of college graduates is stable.

  At the beginning of 2020, the employment situation of migrant workers was once very severe. At the end of February, the number of migrant workers in rural areas decreased by 54 million compared with the same period of last year. In March, the unemployment rate of migrant agricultural registered population in cities and towns reached an all-time high of 6.7%. By the end of the year, the number of migrant workers had recovered to 97.3% of the previous year, and the unemployment rate of migrant agricultural registered population in cities and towns was basically the same in December.

  In 2020, the number of college graduates in China will reach 8.74 million, a record high. With the impact of the epidemic, the employment pressure is very prominent. In July, the unemployment rate of urban people aged 20 to 24 with college education or above (mainly college graduates) increased by 3.3 percentage points year-on-year. Various regions and departments actively broaden the employment channels of college graduates, the employment situation of college graduates gradually improves, and the unemployment rate tends to decline. In December, the unemployment rate of people aged 20 to 24 with college education or above dropped by 7.2 percentage points compared with July, which was the same as the same period in 2019.

  Third, comprehensively strengthen the employment priority policy, and successfully achieve the expected employment goals.

  Since 2020, all localities and departments have solidly promoted the work of stabilizing employment, reduced taxes and fees on a larger scale to reduce the burden on enterprises, lifted unreasonable restrictions on flexible employment, encouraged entrepreneurial innovation to promote employment, highlighted the employment of key groups, vigorously carried out vocational skills training, comprehensively strengthened various employment services, and promoted the smooth completion of various employment expectations. In 2020, the national average annual urban survey unemployment rate will be 5.6%, which is lower than the expected target of around 6%; In 2001, the number of new jobs in cities and towns was 11.86 million, 2.86 million more than the expected target of 9 million. At the end of the year, the registered urban unemployment rate was 4.24%, which was lower than the expected target of about 5.5%.

  In 2020, China has withstood the severe test of the epidemic, and the employment situation has gradually stabilized and improved under great pressure. In 2021, the epidemic situation and external environment are still facing uncertainties, but with the support of a solid economic foundation and sufficient policy tools, the national economy will further recover steadily and the employment situation is expected to remain generally stable.

  Income growth promotes the growth of people’s livelihood expenditure

  Fang Xiaodan, Director of Household Survey Office.

  In 2020, the per capita disposable income of the national residents will double that of 2010; The income of rural residents continued to grow faster than that of urban residents, and the income gap between urban and rural residents further narrowed. Residents’ consumption expenditure has steadily recovered, and basic people’s livelihood expenditure has grown steadily.

  1. In 2020, the per capita income of the national residents will double that of 2010.

  Residents’ income growth is basically synchronized with economic growth. In 2020, the per capita disposable income of the national residents was 32,189 yuan, a nominal increase of 4.7% over the previous year. After deducting the price factor, the per capita disposable income of the national residents actually increased by 2.1%.

  In 2020, the per capita income of the national residents will double that of 2010. After deducting the price factor, from 2011 to 2020, the per capita disposable income of the national residents increased by 7.2% annually in real terms, with a cumulative real increase of 100.8% in 10 years.

  The relative income gap between urban and rural residents has further narrowed. The income of rural residents continues to grow faster than that of urban residents. In 2020, the per capita disposable income of rural residents will be 17,131 yuan, and that of urban residents will be 43,834 yuan.

  Second, the growth rate of various incomes rose steadily, and the policy of ensuring employment and people’s livelihood continued to be effective.

  Employment protection measures have been effective and promoted the growth rate of wage income to rebound. In 2020, the per capita wage income of the national residents will be 17,917 yuan, an increase of 4.3%.

  In 2020, the per capita net transfer income of national residents was 6,173 yuan, an increase of 8.7%. The basic pension standard for urban and rural residents has been raised, and the per capita pension or retirement pension of the whole country has increased by 7.8%.

  The better agricultural production situation has prompted the net operating income to increase from decline. In 2020, the per capita net operating income of the national residents was 5,307 yuan, and the growth rate of per capita net operating income turned positive.

  3. Residents’ consumption expenditure recovered steadily, and basic people’s livelihood expenditure grew steadily.

  The decline of residents’ consumption expenditure narrowed quarter by quarter, showing a sustained recovery trend. In 2020, the per capita consumption expenditure of the national residents will be 21,210 yuan, down by 1.6% over the previous year.

  Basic livelihood expenditure continued to grow steadily. In 2020, the per capita commodity consumption expenditure of residents was 12,173 yuan, an increase of 4.3%. Affected by the increase in home time, the per capita expenditure on food, alcohol and tobacco and the per capita expenditure on housing increased by 5.1% and 3.2% respectively.

  The level of consumption expenditure such as health communication has risen, and the per capita expenditure on medical alcohol, masks and other medical and health appliances has increased by 2.0 times. Residents’ communication needs have increased, and online shopping behavior has increased substantially. In 2020, the per capita communication service expenditure of the national residents will increase by 6.2%.

  The ownership of durable consumer goods continues to increase. In 2020, the number of family cars owned by every 100 households in China was 37.1, an increase of 5.2% over the previous year; The number of mobile phones per 100 households was 253.8, an increase of 0.2%.

  Prices gradually fell, and production prices rebounded.

  Wang Youfen, Director of Urban Department

  In 2020, the relationship between supply and demand in the market will continue to improve, CPI will gradually fall from the high point, PPI will rise steadily from the low point, and the price trend will be basically stable throughout the year.

  First, the price increase in the consumer sector has dropped.

  The monthly CPI is higher than before and lower than before. In 2020, CPI rose by 2.5%, down 0.4 percentage points from the previous year. In terms of months, the year-on-year trend was generally high before and low after. In the first two months, affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, the "pig cycle" and the Spring Festival, the prices of pork and other foods rose rapidly, driving the CPI to rise more, up 5.4% and 5.2% respectively. The increase of CPI began to fall in March, and CPI continued to fall in August, and it turned down by 0.5% in November. In December, CPI rose by 0.2% due to factors such as low temperature weather, increased demand and rising costs.

  Food prices have increased considerably. In 2020, food prices rose by 10.6%, an increase of 1.4 percentage points over the previous year, which affected the increase of CPI by about 2.2 percentage points, which was the main factor to promote the increase of CPI. In food, the price of pork rose by 49.7%, an increase of 7.2 percentage points over the previous year, which affected the increase of CPI by about 1.6 percentage points, accounting for more than 60% of the total increase of CPI. The price of fresh vegetables rose by 7.1% in the whole year, which affected the increase of CPI by about 0.18 percentage points. Affected by the high comparison base in the same period of last year, the prices of fresh fruit and eggs decreased by 11.1% and 10.8% respectively, which affected the CPI by about 0.27 percentage points.

  The overall change of non-food prices is small. In 2020, non-food prices rose by 0.4%, down by 1.0 percentage points from the previous year, affecting the CPI increase by about 0.28 percentage points. Among non-food products, due to weak demand and lower international crude oil prices, the price of industrial consumer goods changed from 0.6% in the previous year to 0.8%.

  Second, prices in the production sector rebounded at a low level.

  The overall PPI fell first and then rose. In 2020, the PPI decreased by 1.8%, an increase of 1.5 percentage points over the previous year. By month, due to the epidemic situation and other factors, the demand for industrial products was sluggish at the beginning of the year, and the PPI entered a downward range from February to February. As the domestic epidemic prevention and control situation continues to improve, the PPI has stopped falling and turned up since June, and the year-on-year decline has steadily narrowed. In December, PPI rose by 1.1% month-on-month, the biggest increase since January 2017, down by 0.4% year-on-year.

  Prices of related industries such as oil, steel and coal fell. In 2020, the prices of domestic oil-related industries generally declined due to factors such as the fluctuation of international crude oil prices and the epidemic situation. The prices of oil-related industries, such as oil and gas exploration, oil, coal and other fuel processing, chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing, chemical fiber manufacturing and so on, dropped by an average of 5.9% to 27.4% in the whole year, which affected the PPI by about 1.27 percentage points, accounting for 70% of the total PPI decline.

  Prices of other major industries have gone up and down. In 2020, the price of agricultural and sideline products processing industry will increase by 4.8% due to the price increase of livestock slaughter, vegetable oil processing and feed processing; The prices of culture, education, industry, sports and entertainment products manufacturing, wine, beverage and refined tea manufacturing, medicine manufacturing and food manufacturing rose between 0.6% and 3.3%. The total impact of the above five industries on PPI rose by about 0.36 percentage points. The price of equipment manufacturing industry is generally stable.

  Source: Economic Daily

Two strong earthquakes in two days, why are earthquakes frequent in California?

  On July 4th and 5th, local time, strong earthquakes of magnitude 6.4 and 7.1 occurred in southern California, setting a new record for the strongest earthquake in the past 20 years. At present, both Lester County and San Bernardino County in Riziq, California have declared a state of emergency, but no deaths have been reported. Seismologists predict that the possibility of another earthquake of magnitude 7 and above will not be ruled out in the coming week.

  Refresh the record of strong earthquakes in recent 20 years.

  According to data from the US Geological Survey, the magnitude of the earthquake on July 4 was 6.4, and the magnitude on the evening of July 5 was 7.1, which was the strongest earthquake in Southern California in the past 20 years.

  The earthquakes for two consecutive days are located in the same fault zone, and the epicentres are very close. They are located near the town of Riziq Lester in southern California, about 270 kilometers away from Los Angeles and surrounding cities, and about 380 kilometers away from Las Vegas, Nevada. The earthquake on the 5th made both Los Angeles and Las Vegas feel shocked. Residents nearby described the experience at that time as follows: "The house was shaking violently, just like an airplane was bumped by airflow" and "the earth was roaring".

  Seismologists believe that because the two earthquakes are less than 48 hours apart and the epicentres are close, the magnitude 6.4 earthquake is only a foreshock, and the magnitude 7.1 earthquake is the main shock, and its intensity is six times that of the previous one, releasing 12 times as much energy.

  According to the US Geological Survey, since the earthquake on the 4th, there have been more than 2,300 aftershocks in southern California, of which 300 have a magnitude of 3 or above, which makes people feel strong enough. There are also 50 earthquakes of magnitude 4 and above, which have enough energy to cause damage.

  Experts predict more aftershocks will occur in the future. According to the prediction of USGS, the probability of an earthquake of magnitude 6 in the next few days is 50% or even greater. Some experts estimate that there is a 10% chance that Southern California will experience an earthquake of magnitude 7 and above again next week.

  "Outbreaks" every 10 to 20 years?

  Although California is called "paradise on earth" with its sunny beaches, it has also become one of the most dangerous places on earth because of frequent earthquakes.

  In the early morning of April 18th, 1906, an earthquake of magnitude 8.3 occurred in San Francisco, which was one of the most serious natural disasters in American history. The epicentre is located on the San Andreas fault near San Francisco, and the fault slips as high as 6 meters.

  After the earthquake lasted for dozens of seconds, San Francisco turned into rubble and triggered a fire that lasted for three days and three nights. According to statistics, in this earthquake and fire, 10 square kilometers of urban area was reduced to ashes, at least 3,000 people died and the direct economic loss was about 400 million US dollars.

  After the San Francisco earthquake, Americans began to pay attention to earthquakes, gradually cultivated the awareness of earthquake disasters, and promoted the development of earthquake science. The last time California suffered an earthquake of magnitude 7 or above was 20 years ago. On October 16th, 1999, the Mojave Desert in Southern California was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 7.1, but it did not cause serious losses.

  "In California, we expect an earthquake of magnitude 7 every 10 to 20 years," said Lucy Jones, a seismologist at the California Institute of Technology. On January 17, 1994, a 6.6 magnitude Northridge earthquake occurred in Southern California, the epicenter of which was located in the densely populated Los Angeles area, causing dozens of deaths and billions of dollars in property losses. On August 24, 2014, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 occurred in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, injuring more than 100 people and damaging more than 2,000 buildings.

  The boundary between plates is the "culprit"

  California is prone to earthquakes because of its special geological conditions. California is located between the North American plate and the Pacific plate, with criss-crossing fault systems and other active systems under it, and the crust moves frequently.

  It is reported that there are hundreds of known geological faults in California, and more than 70% of the population lives within 50 kilometers around the faults where strong earthquakes may occur. There are more than 200 large and small faults in Southern California, which can cause earthquakes ranging from 5.0 to 7.8.

  Among them, the San Andreas fault is the eternal fear of Californians. Palm Springs, Los Angeles, San Francisco and other densely populated large and medium-sized cities are all located on the San Andreas fault. This fault is one of the regions with the most frequent stratigraphic activities on the earth, and it accumulates seismic stress every year. It is estimated that the fault system will have a large destructive earthquake every few decades.

  The outside world is worried about whether the California earthquake will have a potential impact on the San Andreas fault, and will there be a stronger earthquake next?

  Some seismologists believe that the idea that these two earthquakes will trigger the Santandrea earthquake is far-fetched. The fault near Lester County, Riziq is close to a fault named garlock. Although the fault finally intersects with Santandrea, the distance between them is far away.

  However, some experts said that the San Andreas fault has been very quiet in recent years, but this does not mean that it has been dormant. In fact, the great earthquake of the San Andreas fault has been postponed. The longer this time drags on, the more stress is accumulated, and the more terrible the power of the earthquake may be.

  A report by the Geological Survey last year warned that the risk of a major earthquake hitting California is increasing. In the next 30 years, the probability that California will experience an earthquake of magnitude 8 or greater will increase from about 4.7% to about 7%. (trainee reporter Yang Wei)

Liaoning Provincial Party Committee Standing Committee held an exchange meeting on theme education research results.

  Reporter Fang Liang Qi Wang reported that on July 28th, according to the unified arrangement of the central authorities on theme education, the exchange meeting of research results of Liaoning Provincial Party Committee Standing Committee on theme education was held in Shenyang. The meeting thoroughly implemented the spirit of the important exposition and instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on investigation and research, combined with the analysis of positive and negative typical cases, carried out the exchange of research results, and promoted the research results to be better transformed into concrete measures and practical results to promote the practice of Chinese modernization in Liaoning. Hao Peng, secretary of Liaoning Provincial Party Committee, presided over the meeting and delivered a speech. Li Lecheng, Deputy Secretary of Liaoning Provincial Party Committee and Governor, and Zhou Bo, Chairman of Provincial Political Consultative Conference attended the meeting.

  Since the launch of the theme education, the Liaoning Provincial Party Committee has resolutely implemented the spirit of the important speech of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, firmly grasped the general requirements of "learning ideas, strengthening party spirit, emphasizing practice and building new achievements", focused on the theme, embodied characteristics, and carefully organized and arranged, taking Daxing investigation and research as an important part of the theme education, closely following the 12 aspects clearly defined by the CPC Central Committee, and focusing on the most prominent and difficult issues in Liaoning’s revitalization and development and comprehensive and strict management of the party. The members of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee took the lead in determining one key topic and one special topic to conduct research, adhered to the combination of "going on" and "going out", investigated, studied and solved problems, and solidly promoted the orderly development of research work, which achieved phased results.

  At the exchange meeting, members of the Standing Committee of Liaoning Provincial Party Committee, in combination with their respective investigations, put themselves in, analyzed and discussed two typical cases of "promoting the high-quality development of Liaoning’s equipment manufacturing industry and earnestly safeguarding national industrial security" and "deeply reflecting on a series of corruption cases in Liaoning and promoting the comprehensive and strict management of the party", and examined the gaps. Focusing on "research on policy measures to strengthen comprehensive revitalization and achieve new breakthroughs", "building fine chemical industry clusters" and "accelerating ‘ Industrial machine tool ’ And IC equipment development ",the meeting achieved the expected results. Everyone agrees that through the exchange of research results and the analysis of typical cases, we have further deepened our understanding of the important exposition of the Supreme Leader’s General Secretary on investigation and research, deeply felt the truth power and practical power of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, strengthened our political consciousness of firmly supporting the "two establishment" and resolutely achieving the "two maintenance", and made clear a series of ideas and measures related to the revitalization and development of Liaoning. This investigation and study on theme education is a process of concentrating on casting souls and tempering ideological will.It is also a process of changing work style and keeping close contact with the masses; It is a process of taking pulse and solving practical problems, and it is also a process of improving ability and promoting scientific decision-making.

  In his speech, Hao Peng pointed out that at present, the theme education in Liaoning Province is in a critical period of deepening, and it is of great significance to do a good job in investigating and studying the "second half of the article" for continuously promoting the theme education. We should continue to deepen our understanding of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era. Continue to work hard on comprehensive and systematic "learning", persistently study the learning materials stipulated by the CPC Central Committee, follow up and study the latest important speeches and instructions made by General Secretary of the Supreme Leader in a timely manner, and continue to use Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era to guide the research practice; Continue to work hard to achieve a comprehensive understanding, seriously study and profoundly understand the spirit of the important speech and instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the revitalization and development of Northeast China and Liaoning, truly deepen the learning results of internalization theory, and continuously improve the scientific, targeted and effective investigation and research; We will continue to work hard on the integration of knowledge and practice, focus on pragmatism and apply research to practice, and effectively turn learning results and research results into concrete practices to promote the realization of the goals and tasks of the three-year action.

  Hao Peng stressed that we should continue to do a good job in rectifying and implementing the problems found in the investigation. Adhere to the classification and stratification to promote problem solving. For those that can be solved in the short term, it is necessary to clarify the time limit for completion, stand up and do it quickly. For those that need to be promoted for a long time, we must dare to touch the real thing and be brave enough to cut the edge inward, and pay close attention to the rectification and implementation of the problem with the spirit of nailing; In order to solve the problems found in the investigation, we should pay attention to optimizing the solutions from the aspects of ideas, working mechanisms and methods, and study and put forward practical and effective measures; Strengthen supervision and return visits and follow-up questions, dynamically establish account sales numbers, and promote the solution to the difficult and painful problems of blocking points.

  Hao Peng stressed that it is necessary to continuously promote the transformation and application of research results. Pay attention to the transformation of research results into practical results to promote high-quality development, and actively promote the transformation and application of research results in accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system, deepening reform and opening up, exchanges and cooperation between the central and local governments, and the integration of cultural tourism, and form specific ideas and policies. Pay attention to transforming the research results into practical results to solve the urgent problems of the masses, seize employment, education, medical care, pension, housing and other issues, constantly improve the system and mechanism, and effectively enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security; Pay attention to transforming the research results into the actual results of preventing and resolving risks, strengthen pre-judgment, improve the plan, strive to resolve risks at the source, and resolutely hold the bottom line that systematic risks do not occur; Pay attention to transforming the research results into the actual results of comprehensively and strictly administering the party, study and put forward the countermeasures of strict management and strict management, adhere to the strict tone, strict measures and strict atmosphere for a long time, and promote the continuous development of comprehensively and strictly administering the party.

  Hao Peng stressed that we should continue to make good use of this family heirloom. Strengthen the normal research thinking, give full play to the exemplary role of leading organs and leading cadres, continuously improve the institutionalized and standardized level of investigation and research work, and promote investigation and research to become a common practice; Continuously improve the style of research, avoid formalism and bureaucracy, effectively enhance the effectiveness of research work and reduce the burden on grassroots; Strengthen the overall connection of the two batches of thematic education, plan and arrange the second batch of thematic education investigation and research work, so as to achieve seamless docking, stubble pressing and organic integration, and fully promote the high-quality and efficient development of thematic education investigation and research.

  Standing Committee of Liaoning Provincial Party Committee, Deputy Director of the Standing Committee of Provincial People’s Congress, Vice Governor of Provincial Government, Vice Chairman of Provincial Political Consultative Conference, President of Provincial Court, Procurator-General of Provincial Procuratorate, and principal responsible comrades of relevant provincial departments attended the meeting.

Analysis of Comprehensive Utilization of Coal Gangue

"Source: National Energy Information Platform"
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Polaris solid waste network news: Coal gangue is a black-gray rock with a low carbon content and harder than coal, which is produced in the process of well construction, excavation, coal mining and coal washing. Coal gangue is solid waste produced in the process of coal production and processing, and its annual emission is equivalent to about 10% of the coal output in that year.
1. The production of coal gangue
In the coal mining industry, for every 100 million tons of coal produced in China, about 14 million tons of gangue are discharged. In the coal washing industry, for every 100 million tons of coking coal washed, 20 million tons of gangue are discharged, and for every 100 million tons of power coal washed, the amount of gangue discharged is 15 million tons. In recent three years, the output of new coal gangue is about 650 million tons.
As the largest coal-producing country in the world, China has a large number of coal gangue, which can be utilized as resources and improve the ecological environment of mining areas to ensure the green and sustainable development of modern coal mining enterprises.[1].
2. Relevant laws and regulations of coal gangue
In 1998, the State Economic and Trade Commission and other eight departments jointly issued the Management Measures for Comprehensive Utilization of Coal Gangue, which was revised in 2014. In order to guide and standardize the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue, reduce its impact on land resources occupation and environment, promote the development of circular economy and promote the construction of ecological civilization, detailed guidance was given to its comprehensive management and encouragement measures. Technical Policy Essentials of Comprehensive Utilization of Coal Gangue in 1999 took power generation, building materials production, backfilling and harmless treatment of coal gangue as the main direction of comprehensive utilization technology, and developed high-tech and high-value-added coal gangue comprehensive utilization technology and products. In 2012, the Technical Guidelines for the Utilization of Coal Gangue made detailed requirements for the use of coal gangue in different fields. In 2021, Guiding Opinions on Comprehensive Utilization of Bulk Solid Wastes in the Tenth Five-Year Plan pointed out the direction for the comprehensive utilization of bulk solid wastes such as coal gangue.
3. The characteristics of coal gangue
3.1 Physical characteristics
When coal gangue is piled up for a long time, it will spontaneously ignite when the internal temperature reaches a certain value, so coal gangue is often divided into undisturbed coal gangue and spontaneous combustion coal gangue. Among them, the appearance of undisturbed coal gangue is mostly black or gray-black, and the surface is mostly adhered with slime and fine coal gangue. Spontaneous combustion coal gangue has low carbon content, relatively high porosity, and the bulk density is between 0.9 and 1.3 g/cm3. The surface layer is mostly pottery red or pottery yellow, and there will be black centers due to insufficient internal carbon combustion.[2].
Fig. 1 undisturbed coal gangue (a) and spontaneous combustion coal gangue (b)[2]
The water absorption characteristics of coal gangue have great influence on its comprehensive utilization. Its porosity determines the water absorption characteristics of coal gangue, with water absorption of about 2.0-6.0% and plasticity index of about 3.0-15. The water absorption of spontaneous combustion coal gangue is about 3.0-11.6%, and the plasticity index is about 1.03-0.8.
3.2 chemical characteristics
The main chemical compositions of coal gangue are Al2O3, SiO2 and C, followed by CaO, Fe2O3 and MgO. The mineral components are mainly kaolin, hydromica, bauxite and carbon.[3]. The composition of coal gangue is influenced by different regions, and the composition of coal gangue varies greatly in different regions of China, so I won’t repeat it here.
3.3 Hazards of Coal Gangue
Coal gangue is a solid waste produced with coal mining. Except for partial filling and comprehensive utilization, most coal gangue is piled up for a long time to form a gangue hill, which occupies land resources. The harm of coal gangue to the natural environment is mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1. Coal gangue will form fine dust in the process of stacking and transportation, which will be suspended in the atmosphere under the action of wind, causing harm to human health. On the other hand, due to its own characteristics, coal gangue is prone to spontaneous combustion, releasing a variety of harmful gases and producing a large number of explosive smoke, so it will have different degrees of impact on the surrounding atmospheric environment and the growth of animals and plants. 2. In the process of coal gangue storage, the harmful elements in it will dissolve and enter the water body or soil environment under the action of rainfall, which will cause certain damage to the nutrients in the soil, and even lead to acidification of the land around the coal gangue hill, which will affect human health and vegetation growth.
4. Application of coal gangue
China began to use coal gangue as early as the middle of last century, and its comprehensive utilization began gradually in the middle and late 1970s. The comprehensive utilization of coal gangue is influenced by factors such as the ratio of aluminum to silicon and the content of carbon and sulfur, and it is mainly used for producing alumina, fuel, chemical raw materials, ceramic raw materials, building materials and road engineering filling.
Fig. 2 keyword co-occurrence analysis of comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in HowNet.
4.1 Production of Al2O3
There are many useful substances such as SiO2 _ 2 and Al _ 2O _ 3 in coal gangue. If it is extracted and utilized as bauxite, it can not only reduce the negative impact of coal gangue on the ecological environment, but Al2O3 alleviate the shortage of bauxite resources in China. At present, the methods of extracting alumina from coal gangue are similar to fly ash. The essence is to leach Al2O3 from coal gangue, mainly by acid leaching.[3]Alkali leaching method[4]Wait a few kinds. At present, the alkali method has been widely used in the actual production process. Acid leaching method is to use acidic solution to transform soluble components into salts and leach them into the solution, remove impurities from metal salts by adding reagents, and finally transform aluminum salts to form Al2O3. The main reactions are shown in (1)~(4). In order to improve its leaching effect, pre-activation is needed to improve the reactivity of coal gangue. Most of the extractant used in this process is strong acid, which requires high materials for industrial operation equipment and pipelines, and at the same time, there are many impurities accompanying leaching, which is difficult to meet the requirements of metallurgical grade Al2O3, limiting its industrial application in Al2O3 recovery.
Al2O3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2O (1)
Al2(SO4)3 + NH3·H2O → Al(OH)3 + (NH4) 2SO4 (2)
Al(OH)3 → γ-Al2O3 + 3H2O (3)
γ-Al2O3 → α-Al2O3 (4)
The alkaline leaching method is mainly Bayer method. The basic principle is to extract the crushed coal gangue with NaOH solution to obtain leaching solution of sodium aluminate and solid red mud containing silicon. After filtering and adding NaOH for seed decomposition, Al(OH)3 product can be obtained, and Al2O3 product can be obtained after calcination. The main reaction is shown in (5):
Al2O3·H2O + NaOHNaAl(OH)4 (5)
4.2 Production of building materials
Using coal gangue to prepare building materials mainly includes brick making, cement raw materials, ceramic materials and so on. Brick making. Brick making from coal gangue usually uses the calorific value of coal gangue itself to provide the required energy for drying and baking. The calorific value of coal gangue in China is 3300~6300 kJ/kg.[5]When the calorific value is low, some coal can be added for production, so making bricks with coal gangue can significantly reduce energy consumption. At present, the technology of making bricks from gangue in China is relatively mature, and solid gangue bricks, porous load-bearing gangue bricks and hollow gangue bricks have been developed and produced. Produce cement. The main components of coal gangue are SiO2 _ 2 and Al _ 2O _ 3, which are similar to the chemical composition of clay and can replace part of clay to produce cement. The crushed coal gangue is mixed with lime according to a certain proportion, and the clinker with calcium silicate as the main component is obtained after calcination, and then it is ground with gypsum and other materials to obtain cement with high compressive strength. Concrete aggregate. When coal gangue is used in aggregate, it usually needs a certain heat treatment to remove carbon and organic matter in coal gangue, so as to reduce weak components in coal gangue aggregate, at the same time, make the minerals in it edge, generate active substances and improve the surface activity of its aggregate. Wang Aiguo et al.[2]This paper studies the present situation of using coal gangue to prepare concrete aggregate in China, discusses the technical means to improve the performance of coal gangue aggregate concrete for a long time, and analyzes the existing problems.
4.3 Backfill and subgrade materials
Backfill. Because coal gangue is produced in the process of well construction, excavation, coal mining and coal washing, if the pollutant content is low, it can be used to fill the valleys, coal mining subsidence areas and low-lying areas for construction projects.[6]. Subgrade materials. As a road base material, coal gangue can be used for surface decoration of public squares, paving roads or parking lots, which can reduce the cost of subgrade, foundation or dam foundation construction and reduce the occupied land area. Backfilling and subgrade materials can realize the mass consumption of coal gangue, but these utilization methods fail to fully reflect the resource value of coal gangue, and valuable metals or other elements in it are not effectively utilized.
4.4 Other applications
Coal gangue can also be used to prepare building materials such as molding sand, ceramsite and ceramics, and multifunctional materials such as thermal insulation materials, refractory materials and cementitious materials, which are not described in detail here.
5. Insufficient utilization of coal gangue
Although the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue has made great progress, there are still some problems as follows. 1. The overall utilization level is not high. 2. The basic research on comprehensive utilization technology of coal gangue needs to be strengthened. 3. The research on comprehensive utilization technology of coal gangue is not deep enough. According to the "Guiding Opinions on Comprehensive Utilization of Bulk Solid Waste in the Tenth Five-Year Plan", it is necessary to strengthen the comprehensive utilization capacity of coal gangue, expand its utilization scale and orderly reduce its stock in the follow-up work. And make breakthroughs in key bottleneck technologies and establish its comprehensive utilization innovation system. We will continue to promote the application of coal gangue in engineering construction, subsidence area treatment, mine filling and other fields, guide the use of coal gangue to produce new wall materials, decoration materials, etc., and further promote its application in agriculture and the extraction of valuable components under the premise of controllable risks, and strengthen the application and promotion of high-yield and high value-added products.
Disclaimer: The above content is reproduced from Polaris Environmental Protection Network, and the content posted does not represent the position of this platform.
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Wuling Binguo car purchase manual has a face value.

Nowadays, consumers pay more and more attention to space when buying a car, which is worth mentioning in terms of space performance. So whether this car is a mule or a horse, let’s take a look at its actual performance.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of Wuling Binguo. The front of Wuling Binguo is exquisite and unforgettable. At the same time, the headlight presents a fashionable and sporty design style, which is very visually impactful. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, etc. Come to the car side, the car body size is 3950MM*1708MM*1580MM, the car uses simple lines, the car side looks very cool, with large thick-walled tires, eye-catching shape. In the design of the rear end, the rear end and the front end echo each other from a distance, and the taillights look very simple and fashionable, and the sense of neatness is vivid.

Sitting in the car, the interior design of Wuling Binguo looks more round and lovely, and the overall design atmosphere is still in place. Made of leather, people can’t put it down Take a look at the central control. The car is equipped with a touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior design quite layered and gives people an eye-catching feeling. Finally, let’s take a look at the dashboard and seats. The car is equipped with a simple dashboard and full of technology. The car adopts imitation leather seats, which are wrapped in place and have good support and comfort.

Wuling Pingguo is 50KW, with a total torque of 125N.m and a maximum speed of 130 km/h..

The car is equipped with traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.), Bluetooth /WIFI connection, cruise control, voice control, intelligent key and other configurations, and the configuration performance is quite good, bringing drivers and passengers a comfortable car experience.

To sum up: this class of cars is usually the first choice for most people. First of all, the price is not expensive, and secondly, all the configurations are quite complete, which is still very worth starting with.